Introduction Hypokalemia - defined by a serum potassium level of < 3.5 mEq/liter - is one of the most commonly encountered electrolyte abnormalities in clinical medicine.1-4Weiner ID, Wingo CS. Hypokalemia--consequences, causes, and correction. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1997 Jul;8(7):1179-88.Vavruk AM, Martins C, Nascimento MM, et al. Association between hypokalemia, malnutrition and mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients. J Bras Nefrol. 2012;34(4):349-54.Lam MH, Chau SW, Wing YK. High prevalence of hypokalemia in acute psychiatric inpatients. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2009 May-Jun;31(3):262-5.Andrew ME, Jones DW, Wofford MR, Wyatt SB, Schreiner PJ, Brown CA, Young DB, Taylor HA. Ethnicity and unprovoked hypokalemia in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Am J Hypertens. 2002 Jul;15(7 Pt 1):594-9. The disorder may be present as a chronic condition, or may manifest acutely. Chronic hypokalemia is generally attributable to decreased potassium intake and/or increased loss (gastrointestinal or renal). In contrast, acute hypokalemia results from rapid loss of extracellular K+,…
Acute renal colic is one of the most anguishing forms of pain in humans which needs quick diagnosis and timely and suitable management approach. The primary reason for this excruciating pain is presence of renal stones. Global scenario: prevalence of renal calculi Kidney stone and urinary stone is a worldwide problem, sparing no geographical, cultural, or racial groups. Kidney stone or nephrolithiasis is a common disease with increasing incidence and prevalence worldwide. The lifetime risk of kidney stones is of about 12% in men and 6% in women.1Bultitude M, Rees J. Management of renal colic. BMJ 2012; 345:e5499. Previously, the increased incidence was observed among men, but recent studies have demonstrated narrowing male to female ratio.2Scales CD Jr, Curtis LH, Norris RD, Springhart WP, Sur RL, Schulman KA, Preminger GM. Changing gender prevalence of stone disease. J Urol. 2007 Mar; 177(3):979-82. Global prevalence of nephrolithiasis was evaluated in a study,…
