Dysmenorrhea: A significant concern in women Dysmenorrhea - referred to as painful menstrual cramps of uterine origin1Proctor M, Farquhar C. Diagnosis and management of dysmenorrhea. BMJ 2006;332:1134-8. - is an extremely common condition for women of reproductive age.2Lefebvre G, Pinsonneault O, Antao V, Black A, Burnett M, Feldman K, Lea R, Robert M; SOGC. Primary dysmenorrhea consensus guideline. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2005 Dec;27(12):1117-46. In fact, it is one of the most common causes of pelvic pain in young women and adolescents, negatively affects patient's quality-oflife,and may even results in activity restriction. These painful abdominal cramps, occurring with menstruation, are frequently accompanied by general premenstrual symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and headache.1Proctor M, Farquhar C. Diagnosis and management of dysmenorrhea. BMJ 2006;332:1134-8. 3Harada T. Dysmenorrhea and Endometriosis in Young Women. Yonago Acta medica 2013;56:81-84. Dysmenorrhea can be seen in women of all ages and races, but prevalence is highest in…
Epidemiology of urinary tract infections Urinary tract infection (UTI) is commonly encountered by clinicians worldwide. It is caused by pathogenic invasion of the urinary tract system, spanning from urethra, urinary bladder, ureter to kidney. Traditionally, it may be classified (table 1), depending upon the site of infection as upper UTI (infection of the kidney and ureter) or lower UTI (infection of the urinary bladder and urethra); depending upon the presence or absence of symptoms as symptomatic or asymptomatic UTI; depending upon the factors that trigger it as complicated or uncomplicated UTI. Of special note, diagnosis of UTI requires demonstration of bacteriuria (table 1).1Vasudevan R. Urinary Tract Infection: An Overview of the Infection and the Associated Risk Factors. J Microbiol Exp. 2014;1(2):00008. 2Rowe TA, Juthani-Mehta M. Diagnosis and Management of Urinary Tract Infection in Older Adults. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2014;28(1):75-89. The worldwide high incidence of UTI in both community and…
