Bush Beats Ace Vol-10, No-2, 2025

Functional dyspepsia is diagnosed when there is at least one month of epigastric discomfort, without any organic abnormalities found during an upper endoscopy. It represents 70% of dyspepsia cases and is associated with symptoms such as postprandial fullness, early satiety, and epigastric pain or burning. As a diagnosis of exclusion, it is important to investigate and rule out more serious conditions, such as upper gastrointestinal malignancies.

Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) refers to cramping pain in the lower abdomen that occurs just before or at the start of menstruation, without any underlying pelvic disorder. It is a common issue among both adolescents and adults, typically beginning within 6 to 24 months after the first menstrual cycle. The pain follows a predictable pattern, often peaking on the first day of menstruation and lasting up to three days. Despite its widespread occurrence and its effect on daily life, PD is frequently overlooked or inadequately managed. Many young females tolerate the discomfort without seeking medical help due to feelings of embarrassment, societal stigma, or the perception that menstrual pain is a normal and unavoidable experience.