Bush Beats Mother Vol-10, No-2, 2025

Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) refers to cramping pain in the lower abdomen that occurs just before or at the start of menstruation, without any underlying pelvic disorder. It is a common issue among both adolescents and adults, typically beginning within 6 to 24 months after the first menstrual cycle. The pain follows a predictable pattern, often peaking on the first day of menstruation and lasting up to three days. Despite its widespread occurrence and its effect on daily life, PD is frequently overlooked or inadequately managed.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the commonest infections encountered globally impacting 150 million individuals every year. UTIs can be uncomplicated or complicated, adversely affecting the patient's quality of life. Women are more prone to develop UTIs compared to men on account of various factors. Escherichia coli is the commonest organism known to cause UTI. Other pathogens include Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species. UTIs are less commonly caused by fungi and viruses. A retrospective analysis of urine culture results at a tertiary care hospital in Mumbai, India, noted a UTI prevalence of 33.54%.