Bush Beats Ace Vol-11, No-1, 2026

Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is defined as painful, cramping pain in the lower abdomen during menstruation without any identifiable pelvic pathology. The pain usually begins before or at the onset of menses and follows a cyclic pattern, being most severe on the first day and lasting up to 72 hours. PD is characterized by recurrent, spasmodic lower abdominal pain that may radiate to the back and thighs.

PD commonly affects young women and typically begins within 6 to 24 months after menarche, once ovulatory cycles are established. The worldwide prevalence of dysmenorrhea ranges from 45% to 95% among women of reproductive age, with 2% to 29% reporting severe pain.

Hemorrhoids are common anorectal disorders defined as symptomatic enlargement and distal displacement of the normal anal cushions. They are characterized by vascular dilation, distortion of vascular channels, and degenerative changes in the supporting connective tissue. Hemorrhoids are among the most prevalent anorectal disorders, affecting 4.4–36.4% of the population, with peak occurrence between 45 and 65 years of age.