The natural peak monthly fecundity rate is 35%, while the cumulative peak pregnancy rate after one year of trying to conceive is 85%, rising to 92% after 2 years, and 93% following 3 years.1,2 Infertility affects 1 in 7 couples and is generally accepted to be defined by the absence of a live birth following 1 to 2 years of attempting pregnancy.3 Infertility is defined as a "failure to achieve a successful pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected intercourse".4 Infertility may also be referred to as the inability to carry a pregnancy to the delivery of a live baby.5 Infertility varies across regions of the world and is estimated to affect 8 to 12 per cent of couples worldwide.6,7 The WHO estimates of primary infertility in India are 3.9 per cent (age-standardized to 25-49 yr) and 16.8 per cent (age-standardized to 15-49 yr), using the "age but…
Introduction Pregnancy loss has surprisingly common occurrence and is always an emotional trauma to the mother/ couples. Approximately 15% of all clinically recognized pregnancies result in spontaneous loss, there are many more pregnancies that fail prior to being clinically recognized. Only 30% of all conceptions result in live birth.1 Recurrent miscarriage/ Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), defined as the loss of three or more consecutive pregnancies, losses prior to 20 weeks from the last menstrual period, occurs in approximately 1-2% of couples attempting to bear children.2 RPL may be of primary or secondary type. Primary RPL refers to couples who never had any live birth pregnancies and secondary refers to those who had repetitive losses following a successful pregnancy. The prognosis for successful pregnancy is better with secondary RPL. RPL has been observed in the increased incidence among the women with previous history of miscarriages. Ogasawara et al. reported that women…
