Overview Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a clinical condition characterized by excessive, prolonged, or irregular uterine bleeding in women in the absence of an evident pelvic organ disease or a systemic disorder. A glance through the epidemiological data suggests a high prevalence of AUB across clinical settings. It accounts for 10-15% of patient referrals to gynecologist, half of which are perimenopausal; 20% are perimenarchal and the remaining are in the reproductive age group.1 While a woman experiences around 400 menstrual cycles during her reproductive lifespan, it is assumed that up to 20% of women will have excessive menstrual bleeding.2 AUB is largely accepted as a broad term which encompasses all kinds of menstrual disturbances except amenorrhea. Nevertheless, the clinical variety of bleeding and the underlying pathology hardly show any significant association. Some authors suggest that AUB mostly occurs during the two extremes of the reproductive lifespan of a woman, with…
Cryopreservation and frozen embryo transfer: An overview Rapid advancement in the field of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) has boosted a parallel increase in the use of cryopreservation techniques for infertile individuals.1 Cryopreservation, in reproductive medicine, is defined as the preservation of structurally intact sperms, oocytes or embryos at ultra-low temperatures.2,3 The most well-established method of fertility preservation, which has received considerable importance in the ART setups, is embryo cryopreservation.4 This method serves as an attractive option for infertile individuals contemplating frozen embryo transfer (FET) for conception as it enables the excess embryos generated by ART methods to be stored and utilized for future requirement.5 In addition to preventing wastage of embryos, and increasing cumulative pregnancy rates, FET also mitigates the risks of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation. In light of these data, FET is considered both successful and safe for use, and has become an integral part of ART setups.…
