Introduction Both sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy are being used since 19th century for the detection and treatment of colorectal cancer. With the further advancement in technology, their use has been substantially increased for both diagnostic and screening purposes.1Brenner H, Stock C, Hoffmeister M. Effect of screening sigmoidoscopy and screening colonoscopy on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies. The BMJ.2014;348:g2467. Colorectal cancer is one of the top 3 neoplasms affecting the global patient population. A considerable improvement in the colorectal cancer mortality is dependent on prevention and diagnosis at an early stage. Even though various other noninvasive tests are available including fecal immunochemical test, fecal occult blood test and CT colonography; colonoscopy has the advantage of being a diagnostic and therapeutic tool at the same time. For this reason, colonoscopy is the current gold standard for diagnostic imaging of the colon. It…
About lactose intolerance Lactose intolerance is defined as the inability to digest and absorb lactose, a type of sugar found in milk and other dairy products. It is characterized by the presence of abdominal pain, bloating, borborygmi, and diarrhea induced by lactose. A recent NIH conference defined it as ‘the onset of gastrointestinal symptoms following a blinded, single-dose challenge of ingested lactose by an individual with lactose malabsorption, which are not observed when the person ingests an indistinguishable placebo’. Lactose intolerance is mainly related to the primary and secondary lactase deficiency.1Deng Y, Misselwitz B, Dai N, Fox M. Lactose Intolerance in Adults: Biological Mechanism and Dietary Management. Nutrients. 2015;7(9):8020-8035. 2Misselwitz B, Pohl D, Frühauf H, Fried M, Vavricka SR, Fox M. Lactose malabsorption and intolerance: pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. United European Gastroenterology Journal. 2013;1(3):151-159. Lactose is a disaccharide sugar from milk and milk products from all mammals and is digested…
