Nephrolithiasis, or kidney stones, represent a common, prevalent health condition, with an annual incidence of about eight cases per 1,000 adults. The disorder is further associated with an increased risk of other more serious kidney problems including chronic kidney diseases and end-stage renal failure. In India, the incidence of kidney stones is comparatively low in the southern part of country, and high prevalence areas include Maharashtra and Rajasthan. The recurrence rate of kidney stones has been reported to be about 50% within 5 years; individuals with metabolic disorders are at a higher risk for recurrence. Box 1 depicts some other factors identified to be associated with relapse of kidney stone disease.