Nephro Flash Vol-10, No-2, 2025

Nephrolithiasis, one of the most common urinary tract diseases, is characterized by the formation of urinary stones within the urinary system, predominantly in the kidneys. These stones can also be found in other parts of the urinary tract, such as the ureters, bladder, and urethra. Urinary stones form when urine becomes highly concentrated with minerals like calcium, phosphate, and oxalate, leading to crystal aggregation. Globally, the majority of kidney stones — around 80% — are composed of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate, while other types include uric acid (9%), struvite (10%), and cystine (1%) stones.

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in elderly men are frequently caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), which is defined as the non-malignant development or hyperplasia of prostate tissue. It has been shown that the prevalence of disease rises with age. Men are more likely to get BPH as they age. For males in their 60s, the histological prevalence of BPH at autopsy can reach 50% to 60%, and for those over 70, it can reach 80% to 90%.