Nephrolithiasis, one of the most common urinary tract diseases, is characterized by the formation of urinary stones within the urinary system, predominantly in the kidneys. These stones can also be found in other parts of the urinary tract, such as the ureters, bladder, and urethra. Urinary stones form when urine becomes highly concentrated with minerals like calcium, phosphate, and oxalate, leading to crystal aggregation. Globally, the majority of kidney stones — around 80% — are composed of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate, while other types include uric acid (9%), struvite (10%), and cystine (1%) stones.