Urinary tract infections (UTI) are amongst the most common bacterial infections seen in clinical practice, with about 150 million people affected worldwide every year. They can affect any part of the urinary tract from the kidneys (upper urinary tract) to the bladder and urethra (lower urinary tract). Affected patients report symptoms of increased urinary frequency, hesitancy, painful or burning micturition (dysuria), sudden urge of urination (urgency), and sometimes hematuria (Figure 1). While many of these symptoms are typical of UTI, particularly during involvement of the lower urinary tract (urethritis and cystitis), co-associated fever with chills or even back pain may suggest involvement of the upper urinary tract or kidneys (pyelonephritis).