UTIs are among the most common bacterial infections worldwide, with recurrence being a major concern. Around 25% of women experience a recurrent UTI (rUTI) within 6 months of an initial episode. rUTIs are defined as ≥2 acute infections within 6 months or ≥3 within a year, and they predominantly affect women.
The rUTIs are primarily caused by bacterial colonization, most often E. coli, and are influenced by anatomical, functional, and lifestyle factors. They are associated with considerable morbidity and remain a significant health concern. Long-term prophylaxis with low-dose antibiotics can promote antimicrobial resistance, complicating breakthrough infections.